Snail farming, also known as heliciculture, is an emerging agribusiness in Eswatini with significant economic potential. The country’s favorable climate, abundant vegetation, and growing demand for snail meat (a delicacy in many cultures) make it a viable venture for farmers. However, selecting the right snail species is crucial for profitability.
This report explores the most profitable snail species for farming in Eswatini, considering factors such as growth rate, market demand, adaptability to local conditions, and ease of farming.
Table of Contents
Why Snail Farming in Eswatini?
Before identifying the best species, it’s essential to understand why snail farming is a promising business in Eswatini:
- High Demand for Snail Meat – Snail meat is rich in protein, low in fat, and considered a luxury food in Europe, Asia, and some African countries.
- Low Startup Costs – Compared to poultry or cattle farming, snail farming requires minimal initial investment.
- Favorable Climate – Eswatini’s warm, humid conditions are ideal for snail breeding.
- Export Potential – There is a growing international market for African giant snails, particularly in Europe.
- Sustainable Farming – Snails are environmentally friendly and require little space.
Given these advantages, choosing the right species is key to maximizing profits.
Top Profitable Snail Species for Farming in Eswatini
1. African Giant Land Snail (Achatina achatina)
Characteristics:
- One of the largest snail species, reaching up to 30 cm in length.
- High reproduction rate (lays 200-500 eggs per year).
- Fast growth rate (reaches market size in 12-18 months).
Why It’s Profitable:
- High Meat Yield – Due to its large size, it provides more meat per snail.
- Strong Market Demand – Popular in Nigeria, Ghana, and Europe.
- Adaptability – Thrives in Eswatini’s warm, humid climate.
Challenges:
- Requires strict humidity control (80-95%).
- Sensitive to extreme temperature fluctuations.
2. Achatina fulica (Giant African Snail)
Characteristics:
- Slightly smaller than Achatina achatina but still large (up to 20 cm).
- Prolific breeder (can lay 100-400 eggs per clutch).
- Fast growth (reaches maturity in 6-10 months).
Why It’s Profitable:
- Faster Reproduction – More snails in less time.
- Wider Adaptability – Can survive in varied conditions.
- Lower Maintenance – Less sensitive than Achatina achatina.
Challenges:
- Considered invasive in some regions; farming must be controlled.
- Requires calcium-rich feed for shell development.
3. Archachatina marginata (Big Black Snail)
Characteristics:
- Large, dark-shelled snail with high meat quality.
- Slower growth (12-24 months to maturity).
- Lays fewer eggs (5-15 per clutch) but has high survival rates.
Why It’s Profitable:
- Premium Market Value – Preferred by gourmet chefs for its taste and texture.
- Longer Lifespan – Can be harvested over a longer period.
- Disease Resistance – Hardier than other species.
Challenges:
- Slower reproduction means longer wait for profits.
- Needs well-controlled humidity (70-90%).
Factors Affecting Profitability in Snail Farming
To maximize profits, farmers must consider:
1. Climate and Housing
- Snails thrive in temperatures between 20-30°C.
- Humidity must be maintained at 80-95% for optimal growth.
- Pens should be predator-proof (rats, birds, and insects can destroy stocks).
2. Feeding and Nutrition
- Snails need calcium for shell development (provide crushed eggshells or limestone).
- Feed them leafy greens (lettuce, cabbage), fruits (bananas, pawpaw), and protein sources (soybean meal).
3. Breeding and Stock Management
- Separate juveniles from adults to prevent overcrowding.
- Monitor egg-laying and hatching conditions.
4. Market and Pricing
- Local markets (restaurants, hotels, and health-conscious consumers).
- Export opportunities (Europe and Asia pay premium prices for high-quality snails).
Step-by-Step Guide to Starting a Snail Farm in Eswatini
1. Land and Housing Setup
- Use wooden pens, plastic containers, or free-range systems (with netting).
- Ensure good ventilation and moisture retention.
2. Selecting Breeding Stock
- Purchase healthy snails from reputable breeders.
- Start with at least 100 snails for a small-scale farm.
3. Feeding and Care
- Provide fresh vegetables daily.
- Avoid salty or acidic foods (harmful to snails).
4. Disease and Pest Control
- Keep the farm clean to prevent mold and bacteria.
- Use organic pest control methods (avoid chemicals).
5. Harvesting and Selling
- Harvest snails at 8-12 months (optimal size for market).
- Sell live snails, processed meat, or snail slime (used in cosmetics).
Profitability Analysis
Costs (Small-Scale Farm – 1,000 Snails)
- Housing Setup: E5,000
- Breeding Stock (1,000 snails): E10,000
- Feed & Maintenance (6 months): E3,000
- Total Initial Investment: ~E18,000
Revenue (After 12 Months)
- 1,000 snails x E30/snail (local market price) = E30,000
- Profit = E30,000 – E18,000 = E12,000
Larger farms (10,000+ snails) can generate E100,000+ annually.
Here are 10 frequently asked questions (FAQs) about snails:
1. What do snails eat?
Snails are mostly herbivores, feeding on leaves, fruits, vegetables, and algae. Some species are omnivores or detritivores, eating decaying matter or small insects.
2. How long do snails live?
Lifespan varies by species. Garden snails live 2–5 years, while larger species (like the giant African land snail) can live up to 10 years in captivity.
3. Do snails have teeth?
Yes! Snails have a radula, a tongue-like organ with thousands of tiny teeth used to scrape food.
4. How do snails reproduce?
Most snails are hermaphrodites (having both male and female reproductive organs), but some require a mate. They lay eggs in moist soil or hidden spots.
5. Why do snails leave a slimy trail?
The mucus (slime) helps them move smoothly, reduces friction, and protects their bodies from injuries and bacteria.
6. Can snails see?
Snails have eyes on their tentacles, but their vision is poor. They rely more on smell and touch to navigate.
7. Are snails harmful to plants?
Some snails are garden pests, eating crops and ornamental plants. However, many species help decompose organic matter, benefiting soil health.
8. Do snails hibernate?
In cold or dry conditions, snails enter a dormant state (aestivation in heat, hibernation in cold) by sealing themselves in their shells with mucus.
9. Can snails survive without a shell?
No—the shell is part of their body, protecting their organs. A damaged shell can be fatal.
10. Are snails kept as pets?
Yes! Some people keep land snails (like giant African land snails) or aquatic snails in aquariums as low-maintenance pets.